Volume 5, Issue 4 (10-2021)
EBHPME 2021, 5(4): 234-243 |
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Bahrami Moghadam H, Khedri R, Forouzan A, Maniati M, Amini P, Delirrooyfard A, et al . The Deadly Nature of the Virus Depression: Iranian Medical Staff Battling COVID-19. EBHPME 2021; 5 (4) :234-243
URL: http://jebhpme.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-340-en.html
URL: http://jebhpme.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-340-en.html
Hossein Bahrami Moghadam 
, Reza Khedri , Arash Forouzan , Mahmood Maniati , Payam Amini , Ali Delirrooyfard * , Hossein Eisvand , Mehdi Sayyah Bargard , Mina Jaberi
, Reza Khedri , Arash Forouzan , Mahmood Maniati , Payam Amini , Ali Delirrooyfard * , Hossein Eisvand , Mehdi Sayyah Bargard , Mina Jaberi
Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran , adelir2891@gmail.com
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Background: COVID-19, which began in December 2019 in China, can have a broader impact on individuals' mental dimensions. Meanwhile, the medical staff battling this epidemic are more at risk of mental and emotional problems. This study aimed to examine the level of stress, anxiety, and depression and their relationship with the level of knowledge of medical staff battling in COVID-19 pandemic treatment.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 641 medical staff using an online platform to design the questionnaire, and its link was placed in different groups of social networks all over the country in which the medical staff battling COVID 19 were members. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 25 and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, independent samples t-test, independent one-way analysis of variance, and chi-square.
Results: Higher knowledge about COVID-19 was associated with younger age, clinicians, and nurses. Moreover, females were more knowledgeable in terms of support; while males were more reliable in washing hands and disinfecting wet places. Based on the categorical version of psychological factors, the majority of cases had severe stress ( 39.80 % ), normal depression ( 48.50 % ), and normal anxiety ( 57.30 % ). Finally, it was found that married participants had more knowledge about COVID-19, but knew less about its fatality.
Conclusion: Studies have shown negative psychological experiences caused by COVID-19 in nurses, including negative emotions, such as fatigue, discomfort, helplessness due to high-intensity work, anxiety, and worry about family members.
Key words: COVID-19, Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Treatment staff
One of the most stressful situations is the unpredictable situation and uncertainty to control the disease and the seriousness of the risk (1). Medical care staff carries a huge responsibility and experiences excessive stress. The challenges and stress they experienced could trigger common mental disorders, including anxiety and depressive disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (2). With the advancement of technology and public access to high-speed Internet, it has become possible to provide mental health programs and increase knowledge for medical staff. The World Health Organization has also launched several online training and content sessions in various languages on COVID-19 to strengthen preventive strategies, including awareness-raising and training among medical staff (3, 4). However, compared with their colleagues in other countries, the Iranian medical care staff are at a disadvantage in terms of social support (5). There are some possible reasons for this disadvantage, namely Iran's unique geographical and political situation, making it prone to natural disasters and international sanctions. The Iranian people's faith in social intimacy can also worsen the situation by increasing the risk of spreading communicable diseases, such as COVID-19 (6). This study focused on the mental health problems of the medical staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in terms of epidemiological dimensions. Particularly, the relationship between the severity of anxiety, fear, and depression among the medical staff in Iran and their level of knowledge about COVID-19 were investigated.Materials and MethodsThe current descriptive-analytical study was performed between April 27 and May 5, 2020. This cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the level of stress, depression, and anxiety and their relationship with knowledge level among medical staff battling COVID-19 pandemic in hospitals of Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. Respondents were invited to the study through a link placed in social network groups. Respondents completed the questionnaires in Persian and anonymously through an online survey platform (Cafepardazesh; Persian of Processing Cafe). All medical staff involved in the study volunteered to participate in the study, and there was no compulsion to participate. During the COVID-19 pandemic, 641 medical staff working in Iran were recruited. Checklists were used to investigate the association of anxiety and depression with knowledge level related to COVID-19. The demographic checklist included information about gender, age, an academic semester, accommodation the second DASS-21 questionnaire, a self-reporting tool indicating recent mood swings (7). The questionnaire included 21 items on a four-point Likert scale, including seven questions about stress, seven questions about anxiety, and seven questions related to the depression subscale.The knowledge questions were ordered from A1 to A13 as follows:A1: COVID-19 is thought to originate from bats.
A2: COVID-19 is transmitted through air, contact, fecal-oral routes.
A3: Headache, fever, cough, sore throat, and flu are symptoms of COVID-19.
A4: The incubation period of COVID-19 is 2-14 days.
A5: COVID-19 leads to pneumonia, respiratory failure, and death.
A6: Supportive care is the current treatment for COVID-19.
A7: COVID-19 symptoms appear in 2-14 days.
A8: COVID-19 is fatal.
A9: Flu vaccination is sufficient for preventing COVID-19.
A10: During the outbreak, eating well-cooked and safely handled meat is safe.
A11: Sick patients should share their recent travel history with healthcare providers.
A12: Disinfecting equipment and workplaces in wet markets at least once a day.
A13: Washing hands with soap and water can help preventCOVID-19 transmission.
A sample approved the reliability of the Persian version of DASS-21 of the general population of Mashhad ( 400 people ) for 70 % depression, 66 % anxiety, and 76 % stress (8). Besides, the validity (0.72) and reliability (0.89) of this tool were confirmed by Mehdipour and Najafi (9, 10). Since this questionnaire was a short form of the main scale of 42 items, the final score of each subscale must be doubled. Then, based on Table 1, the severity of the symptoms could be determined. The Ethics Committee approved this study in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (Approval code: IR.AJUMS.REC.1399.108).
Statistical analysis
The normality of continuous observations was checked via the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Independent samples t-test and independent one-way analysis of variance, and chi-square test were used to compare the mean and frequencies between variables. The analysis was performed using SPSS25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA). The type Ierror was considered as 0.05.
Results
The descriptive characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 1, Table 2 show the descriptive characteristics of the participants regarding knowledge and perception on COVID-19. Table 3 show the descriptive characteristics of the participants regarding psychological aspects. The questions A1 to A13 were about knowledge of COVID-19. The majority of the participants did not choose the right answer regarding the origin of the Coronavirus. The mean stress, depression, and anxiety was 30.49, 11.79, and 7.76. Based on the categorical version of psychological factors, the majority of cases had very severe stress ( 39.80 % ), normal depression ( 48.50 % ), and normal anxiety ( 57.30 % ).
The association between the demographic and other information with the participants' knowledge about COVID-19 is illustrated in Table 4. The results showed that younger age is associated with less knowledge about the signs and the period of COVID-19 exposure and virus transmission methods. Females had higher knowledge than males in terms of the support feature; while men outperformed women in terms of their knowledge of controlling via washing hands, disinfection of wet places, and virus fatality. Married participants had higher knowledge regarding signs and the period of COVID-19 exposure; while they were less aware of the deadly nature of the virus. Clinicians and nurses were more knowledgeable regarding the virus fatality and transmission. Those subjects without any positive case in the family members had lower information about the safety of eating well-cooked meat during the prevalence. Khuzestan province had less knowledge about the virus role in pneumonia, respiratory failure, and death compared to Iranians from other provinces. Those subjects without any positive case in the family members had lower information about the safety of eating well-cooked meat during the prevalence. Also, the participants with no idea how to control the situation were more associated with no knowledge about the virus signs. The participants who had conference attendance experience were better informed that washing hands can help control the transmission while they did not know that supportive care is the current way to deal with the virus. Those who believed in defeating the virus had less knowledge about the virus deadliness; but had higher information about the transmission ways.
The association between DASS21 subscales and individuals' knowledge due to the high volume of information was not included. The mean stress and anxiety were lower among those who correctly responded to the question about disinfecting equipment and workplaces in wet markets at least once a day. Anxiety was significantly more prevalent among those who did not know the correct incubation period of the disease. Females compared to males experienced more adverse psychological conditions, with significantly higher stress levels. Also, single participants were more likely to experience lower anxiety than their married counterparts. One-way analysis of variance showed that nurses were significantly more anxious than the clinicians. No significant difference was found between those who participated in a conference and those who did not. The participants who followed the news and media were more stressed compared to those who used other sources, and depression was less observed among those who used sources other than social and news media. The participants with a positive COVID-19 case in their family members were more anxious, and access to facilities had a positive impact on lower depression and anxiety levels. Those who believed that the situation is not manageable were less stressful and less depressed; while those who believed in failure to defeat the virus were more anxious, depressed, and stressed. The distribution of DASS-21 subscales was statistically the same in residents of Khuzestan and other regions.
Table 2. Descriptive characteristics of the participants regarding knowledge and perception on COVID-19
Table 4. The association between the variables and the participants’ knowledge on COVID-19
# thought we cannot defeat COVID-19 *: P-value < 0.05, **:P-value < 0.01, ***:P-value < 0.001
Discussion
After the outbreak of Coronavirus, nurses and physicians stood at the frontline of the war against this disease. However, the virus spread around the world to become a pandemic, increasing fear and anxiety not only among lay people but also in the hearts of the medical staff (1, 2). Psychological distress and traumatic fear among medical staff have been cited as the most common mental disorders (3, 4). Given the severe stress, uncertainty, and difficult medical nature of global infectious disease epidemics, such as Coronavirus (COVID-19), special attention needs to be paid to the needs of health care staff (5).
The current cross-sectional research investigated the mental health problems of the 641 medical staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Iran, evaluating the relationship between the severity of anxiety, fear, and depression among these medical staff and their level of knowledge about COVID-19. According to the results, higher knowledge about COVID-19 was associated with younger age, clinicians and nurses, and living outside Khuzestan province. Moreover, females were more knowledgeable in terms of support; while males were more reliable in terms of washing hands and disinfecting wet places, and fatality of the virus. Finally, it was found that married participants had more knowledge about COVID-19; but knew less about its fatality.
The results were consistent with those of Lai et al. (5), in which nurses, women, frontline workers, and those in Wuhan reported experiencing more severe symptom levels of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress. As far as the age of the medical staff was concerned, the results of the present study were in line with those of Huang and Zhao (3), in which younger people had a significantly higher prevalence of general anxiety disorder and depressive symptoms than older people. This is also consistent with Cai et al. (6) who investigated the psychological abnormality in health care workers battling the COVID-19 epidemic. According to their results, medical staff who had no public health emergency treatment experience had a worse performance in mental health, resilience, and social support, and tended to suffer from psychological abnormality on interpersonal sensitivity and photic anxiety. The almost high anxiety among nurses in Shiraz, Iran (4) could be due to some reasons, including fear of being infected, the difficulty in controllingthe epidemic, and the shortage of medical facilities across the country. On the other hand, the results of the present study were not in line with of the study by Moghadasi
(7) who found that multiple sclerosis (MS) fellowships treating a significant portion of Iranian MS society were nearly not anxious in the current situation. He attributed this to their mental well-being and considered it as a promise for MS patients to be provided with optimal services by their physicians.
Different people react differently to stressful situations. The emotional impact of an emergency on an individual can depend on personal characteristics and experiences, the economic and social conditions of the individual and their community, and the availability of resources. Also, if people frequently see images and news about an emergency, their emotional response will be affected. This includes patients’ fear of death, and for those who are quarantined, it involves feelings of loneliness and anger (8). Therefore, psychological interventions against the negative consequences of epidemics become the condition sine qua non of any health care system in the context of public health emergencies (9)
When it comes to the medical staff, the situation even become worse amid the turmoil of the epidemic. Studies have shown that negative psychological experiences caused by corona in nurses, including negative emotions, such as fatigue, discomfort, helplessness due to high intensity work, anxiety, and worry about family members are very obvious. In such crises, anxiety is beyond the direct physical consequences of the disease. Previous studies have identified a number of factors that contribute to this situation, namely the contagiousness of the disease (10, 11), the high morbidity associated with it, its potential fatality (12), lack of facilities and equipment, and
the rising number of suspected and actual
cases. (13).
A number of solutions can be proposed to alleviate this problem. First of all, relying on social capital (1) is one possible way to deal with the anxiety among medical staff. Xiao et al. (2) found an association between low levels of social capital and increased levels of anxiety and stress, but increased levels of social capital were positively associated with increased quality of sleep. Anxiety in their study was associated with stress and reduced sleep quality, and the combination of anxiety and stress reduced the positive effects of social capital on sleep quality. Another possible solution according to Chen et al. (5), is arranging leisure activities and training the medical staff on how to relax. Last but not least is considering counselling a proper option in this regard. Cognitive behavior therapy for example may be effective in reducing the psychological and psychiatric symptoms followed by COVID-19 pandemic (14, 15).
Conclusion
It was found that excessive workload, the pressure of job demands, and the impact of various aspects of the congregate living setting in healthcare facilities as well as changes in work shifts have accelerated the spread of psychological problems among the Iranian medical staff. Future studies can consider the role of other counselling practices (e.g., interpersonal therapy) on reducing the anxiety and stress induced by COVID-19. The limitation of the current study was lack of access to other nurses through social networks.
Acknowledgments
This article is the result of a research project number U-99036. Thanks are owed to the Clinical Research Development Unit of Imam Khomeini and Golestan Hospitals in Ahvaz as well as all the participants who cooperated in this project.
Conflict of interests
The authors declared that there is no conflict of interests.
Authors' contributions
Bahrami Moghadam H, Khedri R, Delirrooyfard A, Forouzan A, and Sayyah Bargard M designed research; Eisvand H, Maniati M, and Jaberi M conducted research; Amini P analyzed data; and Delirrooyfard A and Maniati M wrote the manuscript. Delirrooyfard A had primary responsibility for final content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
Non applicaple.
Full-Text: (303 Views)
Background: COVID-19, which began in December 2019 in China, can have a broader impact on individuals' mental dimensions. Meanwhile, the medical staff battling this epidemic are more at risk of mental and emotional problems. This study aimed to examine the level of stress, anxiety, and depression and their relationship with the level of knowledge of medical staff battling in COVID-19 pandemic treatment.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 641 medical staff using an online platform to design the questionnaire, and its link was placed in different groups of social networks all over the country in which the medical staff battling COVID 19 were members. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 25 and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, independent samples t-test, independent one-way analysis of variance, and chi-square.
Results: Higher knowledge about COVID-19 was associated with younger age, clinicians, and nurses. Moreover, females were more knowledgeable in terms of support; while males were more reliable in washing hands and disinfecting wet places. Based on the categorical version of psychological factors, the majority of cases had severe stress ( 39.80 % ), normal depression ( 48.50 % ), and normal anxiety ( 57.30 % ). Finally, it was found that married participants had more knowledge about COVID-19, but knew less about its fatality.
Conclusion: Studies have shown negative psychological experiences caused by COVID-19 in nurses, including negative emotions, such as fatigue, discomfort, helplessness due to high-intensity work, anxiety, and worry about family members.
Key words: COVID-19, Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Treatment staff
Introduction
One of the most stressful situations is the unpredictable situation and uncertainty to control the disease and the seriousness of the risk (1). Medical care staff carries a huge responsibility and experiences excessive stress. The challenges and stress they experienced could trigger common mental disorders, including anxiety and depressive disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (2). With the advancement of technology and public access to high-speed Internet, it has become possible to provide mental health programs and increase knowledge for medical staff. The World Health Organization has also launched several online training and content sessions in various languages on COVID-19 to strengthen preventive strategies, including awareness-raising and training among medical staff (3, 4). However, compared with their colleagues in other countries, the Iranian medical care staff are at a disadvantage in terms of social support (5). There are some possible reasons for this disadvantage, namely Iran's unique geographical and political situation, making it prone to natural disasters and international sanctions. The Iranian people's faith in social intimacy can also worsen the situation by increasing the risk of spreading communicable diseases, such as COVID-19 (6). This study focused on the mental health problems of the medical staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in terms of epidemiological dimensions. Particularly, the relationship between the severity of anxiety, fear, and depression among the medical staff in Iran and their level of knowledge about COVID-19 were investigated.Materials and MethodsThe current descriptive-analytical study was performed between April 27 and May 5, 2020. This cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the level of stress, depression, and anxiety and their relationship with knowledge level among medical staff battling COVID-19 pandemic in hospitals of Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. Respondents were invited to the study through a link placed in social network groups. Respondents completed the questionnaires in Persian and anonymously through an online survey platform (Cafepardazesh; Persian of Processing Cafe). All medical staff involved in the study volunteered to participate in the study, and there was no compulsion to participate. During the COVID-19 pandemic, 641 medical staff working in Iran were recruited. Checklists were used to investigate the association of anxiety and depression with knowledge level related to COVID-19. The demographic checklist included information about gender, age, an academic semester, accommodation the second DASS-21 questionnaire, a self-reporting tool indicating recent mood swings (7). The questionnaire included 21 items on a four-point Likert scale, including seven questions about stress, seven questions about anxiety, and seven questions related to the depression subscale.The knowledge questions were ordered from A1 to A13 as follows:A1: COVID-19 is thought to originate from bats.
A2: COVID-19 is transmitted through air, contact, fecal-oral routes.
A3: Headache, fever, cough, sore throat, and flu are symptoms of COVID-19.
A4: The incubation period of COVID-19 is 2-14 days.
A5: COVID-19 leads to pneumonia, respiratory failure, and death.
A6: Supportive care is the current treatment for COVID-19.
A7: COVID-19 symptoms appear in 2-14 days.
A8: COVID-19 is fatal.
A9: Flu vaccination is sufficient for preventing COVID-19.
A10: During the outbreak, eating well-cooked and safely handled meat is safe.
A11: Sick patients should share their recent travel history with healthcare providers.
A12: Disinfecting equipment and workplaces in wet markets at least once a day.
A13: Washing hands with soap and water can help preventCOVID-19 transmission.
A sample approved the reliability of the Persian version of DASS-21 of the general population of Mashhad ( 400 people ) for 70 % depression, 66 % anxiety, and 76 % stress (8). Besides, the validity (0.72) and reliability (0.89) of this tool were confirmed by Mehdipour and Najafi (9, 10). Since this questionnaire was a short form of the main scale of 42 items, the final score of each subscale must be doubled. Then, based on Table 1, the severity of the symptoms could be determined. The Ethics Committee approved this study in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (Approval code: IR.AJUMS.REC.1399.108).
Statistical analysis
The normality of continuous observations was checked via the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Independent samples t-test and independent one-way analysis of variance, and chi-square test were used to compare the mean and frequencies between variables. The analysis was performed using SPSS25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA). The type Ierror was considered as 0.05.
Results
The descriptive characteristics of the participants are shown in Table 1, Table 2 show the descriptive characteristics of the participants regarding knowledge and perception on COVID-19. Table 3 show the descriptive characteristics of the participants regarding psychological aspects. The questions A1 to A13 were about knowledge of COVID-19. The majority of the participants did not choose the right answer regarding the origin of the Coronavirus. The mean stress, depression, and anxiety was 30.49, 11.79, and 7.76. Based on the categorical version of psychological factors, the majority of cases had very severe stress ( 39.80 % ), normal depression ( 48.50 % ), and normal anxiety ( 57.30 % ).
The association between the demographic and other information with the participants' knowledge about COVID-19 is illustrated in Table 4. The results showed that younger age is associated with less knowledge about the signs and the period of COVID-19 exposure and virus transmission methods. Females had higher knowledge than males in terms of the support feature; while men outperformed women in terms of their knowledge of controlling via washing hands, disinfection of wet places, and virus fatality. Married participants had higher knowledge regarding signs and the period of COVID-19 exposure; while they were less aware of the deadly nature of the virus. Clinicians and nurses were more knowledgeable regarding the virus fatality and transmission. Those subjects without any positive case in the family members had lower information about the safety of eating well-cooked meat during the prevalence. Khuzestan province had less knowledge about the virus role in pneumonia, respiratory failure, and death compared to Iranians from other provinces. Those subjects without any positive case in the family members had lower information about the safety of eating well-cooked meat during the prevalence. Also, the participants with no idea how to control the situation were more associated with no knowledge about the virus signs. The participants who had conference attendance experience were better informed that washing hands can help control the transmission while they did not know that supportive care is the current way to deal with the virus. Those who believed in defeating the virus had less knowledge about the virus deadliness; but had higher information about the transmission ways.
The association between DASS21 subscales and individuals' knowledge due to the high volume of information was not included. The mean stress and anxiety were lower among those who correctly responded to the question about disinfecting equipment and workplaces in wet markets at least once a day. Anxiety was significantly more prevalent among those who did not know the correct incubation period of the disease. Females compared to males experienced more adverse psychological conditions, with significantly higher stress levels. Also, single participants were more likely to experience lower anxiety than their married counterparts. One-way analysis of variance showed that nurses were significantly more anxious than the clinicians. No significant difference was found between those who participated in a conference and those who did not. The participants who followed the news and media were more stressed compared to those who used other sources, and depression was less observed among those who used sources other than social and news media. The participants with a positive COVID-19 case in their family members were more anxious, and access to facilities had a positive impact on lower depression and anxiety levels. Those who believed that the situation is not manageable were less stressful and less depressed; while those who believed in failure to defeat the virus were more anxious, depressed, and stressed. The distribution of DASS-21 subscales was statistically the same in residents of Khuzestan and other regions.
Table 1. Descriptive characteristics of the subjects
| Variable | Category | Frequency (%) |
| Marital status | Single | 496 ( 77.4 % ) |
| Married |
145 ( 22.6 % ) | |
| Education level | Nurse | 156 ( 24.3 % ) |
| Clinician | 306 ( 47.7 % ) | |
| Others |
179 ( 28.0 % ) | |
| Conference attendance | No | 416 ( 64.9 % ) |
| Yes |
225 ( 35.1 % ) | |
| Source of information | News/Media | 223 ( 34.8 % ) |
| Social Media | 248 ( 38.7 % ) | |
| Others |
170 ( 26.5 % ) | |
| COVID-19 positive case in family | No | 452 ( 70.5 % ) |
| Yes |
189 ( 29.5 % ) | |
| Facilities | Weak | 181 ( 28.2 % ) |
| Fair | 302 ( 47.2 % ) | |
| Good | 136 ( 21.2 % ) | |
| Perfect |
22 ( 3.4 % ) | |
| Can we control the situation? | No | 164 ( 25.6 % ) |
| No idea | 273 ( 42.6 % ) | |
| Yes |
204 ( 31.8 %) | |
| Can the disease be defeated? | No | 364 ( 56.8 % ) |
| Yes | 277 ( 43.2 % ) | |
| Khuzestan residence | No | 154 ( 24.0 % ) |
| Yes | 487 ( 76 .0 % ) |
Table 2. Descriptive characteristics of the participants regarding knowledge and perception on COVID-19
| Question | Correct /Incorrect | Frequency (%) | Binomial test |
| COVID-19 is thought to be originated from bats | I | 301 ( 47.0 % ) | 0.133 |
| C | 340 ( 53.0 % ) | ||
| COVID-19 is transmitted through air, contact, fecal-oral routes | I | 163 ( 25.4 % ) | 0.001 |
| C | 478 ( 74.6 % ) | ||
| Headache, fever, cough, sore throat, and flu are symptoms of COVID-19 | I | 74 ( 11.5 % ) | 0.001 |
| C | 567 ( 88.5 % ) | ||
| The incubation period of COVID-19 (2-14 days) | I | 14 ( 2.2 % ) | 0.001 |
| C | 627 ( 97.8 % ) | ||
| COVID-19 leads to pneumonia, respiratory failure, and death | I | 74 ( 11.5 % ) | 0.001 |
| C | 567 ( 88.5 % ) | ||
| Supportive care is the current treatment for COVID-19 | I | 26 ( 4.1 % ) | 0.001 |
| C | 615 ( 95.9 % ) | ||
| COVID-19 symptoms appear in 2-14 days | I | 52 ( 8.1 % ) | 0.001 |
| C | 589 ( 91.9 % ) | ||
| COVID-19 is fatal | I | 222 ( 34.6 % ) | 0.001 |
| C | 419 ( 65.4 % ) | ||
| Flu vaccination is sufficient for preventing COVID-19 | I | 629 ( 98.1 % ) | 0.001 |
| C | 12 ( 1.9 % ) | ||
| During the outbreak, eating well-cooked and safely handled meat is safe | I | 47 ( 7.3 % ) | 0.001 |
| C | 594 ( 92.7 % ) | ||
| Sick patients should share their recent travel history with healthcare providers | I | 33 ( 5.1 % ) | 0.001 |
| C | 608 ( 94.9 % ) | ||
| Disinfecting equipment and workplaces in wet markets at least once a day | I | 79 ( 12.3 % ) | 0.001 |
| C | 562 ( 87.7 % ) | ||
| Washing hands with soap and water can help preventCOVID-19 transmission | I | 7 ( 1.1 % ) | 0.001 |
| C | 634 ( 98.9 % ) |
Table 3. Descriptive characteristics of the participants regarding psychological aspects
| Variable | Category | Frequency(%) |
| Stress | Mean ±SD | 30.49 ± 21.27 |
| Stress (Categorical) | Normal | 170.00 ( 26.50 % ) |
| Mild | 37.00 ( 5.80 % ) | |
| Moderate | 84.00( 13.10 % ) | |
| Severe | 95.00 ( 14.80 % ) | |
| Very severe | 255.00 ( 39.80 % ) | |
| Depression (Mean (SD)) | 11.79 ( 10.64 % ) | |
| Depression (Categorical) | Normal | 311.00 ( 48.50 % ) |
| Mild | 84.00 ( 13.10 % ) | |
| Moderate | 122.00 ( 19.00 % ) | |
| Severe | 48.00 (7.50 % ) | |
| Very severe | 76.00 ( 11.90 % ) | |
| Anxiety (Mean (SD)) | 7.76 ( 7.87 % ) | |
| Anxiety (Categorical) | Normal | 367.00 ( 57.30 % ) |
| Mild | 41.00 ( 6.40 % ) | |
| Moderate | 128.00 ( 20.00 % ) | |
| Severe | 48.00 ( 7.50 % ) | |
| Very severe | 57.00 ( 8.80 % ) | |
Table 4. The association between the variables and the participants’ knowledge on COVID-19
| Question | Correct/ ]ncorrect | Age mean (SD) |
Sex | Marital | Occupation | Facilities | Can we control Covid-19 |
Defeat | Khuzestan | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | Single | Nurse | Clinician | Others | Weak | Fair | Good | Perfect | No | No idea |
Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| COVID-19 is thought to be originated from bats | I | 26.77 | 203 | 231 | 67 | 134 | 100 | 85 | 145 | 58 | 13 | 70 | 124 | 107 | 127 | 228 |
| C | 26.96 | 223 | 265 | 89 | 172 | 79 | 96 | 157 | 78 | 9 | 94 | 149 | 97 | 150 | 259 | |
| COVID-19 is transmitted through air, contact, fecal-oral routes | I | 25.40** | 102 | 138 | 37 | 78 | 48 | 47 | 73 | 39 | 4 | 34 | 74 | 55 | 54 | 126 |
| C | 27.37 | 324 | 358 | 119 | 228 | 131 | 134 | 229 | 97 | 18 | 130 | 199 | 149 | 223 | 361 | |
| Headache, fever, cough, sore throat, and flu are symptoms of COVID-19 | I | 24.70** | 50 | 64 | 17 | 38 | 19 | 19 | 33 | 18 | 4 | 12 | 42 | 20 | 26 | 59 |
| C | 27.15 | 376 | 432 | 139 | 268 | 160 | 162 | 269 | 118 | 18 | 152 | 231 | 184 | 251 | 428 | |
| The incubation period of COVID-19 (2-14 days) | I | 26.29 | 9 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 12 |
| C | 26.88 | 417 | 487 | 151 | 299 | 177 | 179 | 295 | 132 | 21 | 160 | 265 | 202 | 271 | 475 | |
| COVID-19 leads to pneumonia, respiratory failure, and death | I | 27.19 | 56 | 58 | 21 | 33 | 20 | 21 | 35 | 15 | 3 | 20 | 32 | 22 | 31 | 63 |
| C | 26.83 | 370 | 438 | 135 | 273 | 159 | 160 | 267 | 121 | 19 | 144 | 241 | 182 | 246 | 424 | |
| Supportive care is the current treatment for COVID-19 | I | 25.50 | 12 | 21 | 8 | 11 | 7 | 8 | 13 | 4 | 1 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 19 |
| C | 26.93 | 414 | 475 | 148 | 295 | 172 | 173 | 289 | 132 | 21 | 156 | 264 | 195 | 265 | 468 | |
| COVID-19 symptoms appear in 2-14 days | I | 24.87* | 36 | 41 | 12 | 31 | 9 | 18 | 21 | 12 | 1 | 11 | 25 | 16 | 21 | 39 |
| C | 27.00** | 390 | 455 | 144 | 275 | 170 | 163 | 281 | 124 | 21 | 153 | 248 | 188 | 256 | 448 | |
| COVID-19 is fatal | I | 27.93 | 163 | 150 | 66 | 86 | 70 | 60 | 107 | 49 | 6 | 60 | 96 | 66 | 110 | 175 |
| C | 26.31 | 263 | 346 | 90 | 220 | 109 | 121 | 195 | 87 | 16 | 104 | 177 | 138 | 167 | 312 | |
| Flu vaccination is sufficient for preventing COVID-19 | I | 26.84 | 420 | 489 | 152 | 303 | 174 | 178 | 297 | 133 | 21 | 159 | 269 | 201 | 269 | 476 |
| C | 28.25 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 8 | 11 | |
| During the outbreak, eating well-cooked and safely handled meat is safe | I | 24.96 | 27 | 38 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 21 | 9 | 2 | 15 | 20 | 12 | 24 | 36 |
| C | 27.02 | 399 | 458 | 140 | 290 | 164 | 166 | 281 | 127 | 20 | 149 | 253 | 192 | 253 | 451 | |
| Sick patients should share their recent travel history with healthcare providers | I | 27.42 | 23 | 22 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 8 | 14 | 10 | 1 | 5 | 19 | 9 | 16 | 23 |
| C | 26.84 | 403 | 474 | 148 | 295 | 165 | 173 | 288 | 126 | 21 | 159 | 254 | 195 | 261 | 464 | |
| Disinfect equipment’s and workplaces in wet markets at least once a day | I | 27.50 | 65 | 61 | 24 | 31 | 24 | 21 | 37 | 21 | 0 | 20 | 29 | 30 | 29 | 61 |
| C | 26.78 | 361 | 435 | 132 | 275 | 155 | 160 | 265 | 115 | 22 | 144 | 244 | 174 | 248 | 426 | |
| Washing hands with soap and water can help prevent COVID-19 transmission | I | 23.29 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| T | 26.91 | 419 | 491 | 155 | 302 | 177 | 180 | 298 | 134 | 22 | 162 | 271 | 201 | 274 | 481 | |
Discussion
After the outbreak of Coronavirus, nurses and physicians stood at the frontline of the war against this disease. However, the virus spread around the world to become a pandemic, increasing fear and anxiety not only among lay people but also in the hearts of the medical staff (1, 2). Psychological distress and traumatic fear among medical staff have been cited as the most common mental disorders (3, 4). Given the severe stress, uncertainty, and difficult medical nature of global infectious disease epidemics, such as Coronavirus (COVID-19), special attention needs to be paid to the needs of health care staff (5).
The current cross-sectional research investigated the mental health problems of the 641 medical staff during the COVID-19 epidemic in Iran, evaluating the relationship between the severity of anxiety, fear, and depression among these medical staff and their level of knowledge about COVID-19. According to the results, higher knowledge about COVID-19 was associated with younger age, clinicians and nurses, and living outside Khuzestan province. Moreover, females were more knowledgeable in terms of support; while males were more reliable in terms of washing hands and disinfecting wet places, and fatality of the virus. Finally, it was found that married participants had more knowledge about COVID-19; but knew less about its fatality.
The results were consistent with those of Lai et al. (5), in which nurses, women, frontline workers, and those in Wuhan reported experiencing more severe symptom levels of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress. As far as the age of the medical staff was concerned, the results of the present study were in line with those of Huang and Zhao (3), in which younger people had a significantly higher prevalence of general anxiety disorder and depressive symptoms than older people. This is also consistent with Cai et al. (6) who investigated the psychological abnormality in health care workers battling the COVID-19 epidemic. According to their results, medical staff who had no public health emergency treatment experience had a worse performance in mental health, resilience, and social support, and tended to suffer from psychological abnormality on interpersonal sensitivity and photic anxiety. The almost high anxiety among nurses in Shiraz, Iran (4) could be due to some reasons, including fear of being infected, the difficulty in controllingthe epidemic, and the shortage of medical facilities across the country. On the other hand, the results of the present study were not in line with of the study by Moghadasi
(7) who found that multiple sclerosis (MS) fellowships treating a significant portion of Iranian MS society were nearly not anxious in the current situation. He attributed this to their mental well-being and considered it as a promise for MS patients to be provided with optimal services by their physicians.
Different people react differently to stressful situations. The emotional impact of an emergency on an individual can depend on personal characteristics and experiences, the economic and social conditions of the individual and their community, and the availability of resources. Also, if people frequently see images and news about an emergency, their emotional response will be affected. This includes patients’ fear of death, and for those who are quarantined, it involves feelings of loneliness and anger (8). Therefore, psychological interventions against the negative consequences of epidemics become the condition sine qua non of any health care system in the context of public health emergencies (9)
When it comes to the medical staff, the situation even become worse amid the turmoil of the epidemic. Studies have shown that negative psychological experiences caused by corona in nurses, including negative emotions, such as fatigue, discomfort, helplessness due to high intensity work, anxiety, and worry about family members are very obvious. In such crises, anxiety is beyond the direct physical consequences of the disease. Previous studies have identified a number of factors that contribute to this situation, namely the contagiousness of the disease (10, 11), the high morbidity associated with it, its potential fatality (12), lack of facilities and equipment, and
the rising number of suspected and actual
cases. (13).
A number of solutions can be proposed to alleviate this problem. First of all, relying on social capital (1) is one possible way to deal with the anxiety among medical staff. Xiao et al. (2) found an association between low levels of social capital and increased levels of anxiety and stress, but increased levels of social capital were positively associated with increased quality of sleep. Anxiety in their study was associated with stress and reduced sleep quality, and the combination of anxiety and stress reduced the positive effects of social capital on sleep quality. Another possible solution according to Chen et al. (5), is arranging leisure activities and training the medical staff on how to relax. Last but not least is considering counselling a proper option in this regard. Cognitive behavior therapy for example may be effective in reducing the psychological and psychiatric symptoms followed by COVID-19 pandemic (14, 15).
Conclusion
It was found that excessive workload, the pressure of job demands, and the impact of various aspects of the congregate living setting in healthcare facilities as well as changes in work shifts have accelerated the spread of psychological problems among the Iranian medical staff. Future studies can consider the role of other counselling practices (e.g., interpersonal therapy) on reducing the anxiety and stress induced by COVID-19. The limitation of the current study was lack of access to other nurses through social networks.
Acknowledgments
This article is the result of a research project number U-99036. Thanks are owed to the Clinical Research Development Unit of Imam Khomeini and Golestan Hospitals in Ahvaz as well as all the participants who cooperated in this project.
Conflict of interests
The authors declared that there is no conflict of interests.
Authors' contributions
Bahrami Moghadam H, Khedri R, Delirrooyfard A, Forouzan A, and Sayyah Bargard M designed research; Eisvand H, Maniati M, and Jaberi M conducted research; Amini P analyzed data; and Delirrooyfard A and Maniati M wrote the manuscript. Delirrooyfard A had primary responsibility for final content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
Non applicaple.
Type of Study: Original article |
Subject:
General
Received: 2021/05/8 | Accepted: 2021/10/18 | Published: 2021/12/29
Received: 2021/05/8 | Accepted: 2021/10/18 | Published: 2021/12/29
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