Evidence Based Health Policy,

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Background: Social capital as a network of communication and mutual trust in the organization plays a crucial role in the production and creation of knowledge. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effect of social capital on knowledge management processes in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.
Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study conducted on a cross-sectional basis in 2016. The statistical population of the study comprised all the staff (faculty and administrative members) of this university (N = 230). The questionnaires were distributed among them and 183 questionnaires were collected. The data were collected via the Social Capital Questionnaire (17 questions) and Lawson Knowledge Management Questionnaire (24 questions). Data were analyzed using statistical tests (t), path coefficients (β), SPSS₂₂ software and structural equation technique using SMART PLS software.
Results: The results of t-test statistics (0.60, 0.61, 0.60, 0.61, 0.59 and 0.41) and path coefficients of β (7.32, 21.76, 21.6, 6.7, 14.49, and 2.9), respectively showed that social capital positively and significantly affect knowledge management processes (knowledge creation, knowledge absorption, knowledge organization, knowledge storage, knowledge dissemination, and knowledge utilization).
Conclusion: The officials of such social institutions are recommended to identify, improve and strengthen social capital and its dimensions in order to enhance the knowledge management processes and provide them with a sustainable competitive advantage compared with other universities.

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Background: Moral hazard is the increased likelihood of loss driven by insured behavior, which is a major the challenges faced by the insurance system. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review the concept of moral hazard and its types, causes, consequences and control measures.
Methods: This study was conducted through review, utilizing articles related to the subject in Springer's published texts, valid sites and databases such as: Google Scholar, Magiran, Medline, Springer, SID, Scopus and PubMed. The information utilized was collected from 1960-2016. Databases were searched using keywords of moral hazard in health services, causes of hazards, types of hazards in health systems, the consequences of hazards, the ways of controlling hazards, health insurance, moral hazards and health insurance.
Results: The results showed that the third party (insurer) in health insurance contracts, paying a high share of treatment costs, mitigates the motivation for the behaviors of disease prevention, and prevents harm or disease, i.e.  Because the patient pays only a fraction of the cost, it has devastating consequences such as increasing insurer costs and the health system, reducing welfare, wasting resources, reducing insurance coverage, and so forth.
Conclusions: Identifying various types of moral hazards, their causes and consequences in determining control strategies and reducing moral hazard and preventing undesirable outcomes are effective.

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Background: General life quality and its impact on the quality of working life are among the most important and critical issues in today's organizations. Work-family conflict is an important phenomenon that affects both employees and employers. This study aims to determine the relationship between general life quality and the quality of working life in working women with the role of work-family conflict mediation.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2017. The study population was 4266 women working in the health department of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. In this study, 351 samples were selected by stratified sampling method in 11 cities of 19 provinces of Mazandaran province. Data were collected using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) with 26 questions, Casio quality of work life questionnaire with 29 questions, and Carlson work-family conflict with18 questions. The results were analyzed using SPSS ₂₄ and AMOS ₂₂ softwares. Furthermore, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, structural equation model, path analysis and standard coefficients, Chi-square, fit index, Bootstrap, and Sobel tests were utilized.
Results: Demographic data included age, education, marital status, professional background, employment status, household size, job title, and income. The relationship between general quality of life and quality of working life in employed women was significant (P-value = 0.009). There was a significant and negative relationship between life quality and work-family conflict (P-value = 0.009). The effect of mediating variable of work conflict, between general quality of life and specific quality of working life was not statistically significant (P-value = 0.009).
Conclusion: Since general quality of life has a direct effect on the quality of working life in employed women, proper planning and training courses on time management, life and problem solving skills for employees, especially women working in the health sector can improve general  life quality as well as  quality of working life and reduce their work conflicts.

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Background: One of the ways through which the quality of the hospital services can be improved is the accreditation, and most of the countries have launched their own accreditation system as a strategy to improve services. The aim of this research was to investigate the way of implementing the accreditation programs at Shahid Motahhari educational center in Marvdasht city.
Methods: The current study was qualitative with conventional content analysis which was conducted by using the semi-structured interviews with eight officials and employees of Marvdasht Shahid Motahhari Medical Education Center in 2017. Purposeful sampling was done in this study and the next stage; the snowball sampling method was used to select the desired samples. Data were gathered to reach the data saturation point, and conventional content analysis was done to analyze the research data.
Results: Two main themes and nineteen sub-themes were obtained through the nine categories. Self-confidence in the team, sense of superiority and achievement, all units’ coordination, accurate and scientific coherent supervision and management, and considering the book of standards as a guiding factor are among the strengths of this research.Poor management of programs, lack of proper context while running the program, lack of proper training, lack of financial and human resources, lack of commitment and interest in implementing the program among different groups were main identified barriers of the program.
Conclusion: The effective factors on the implementation of the accreditation standards in the healthcarecenters should be identified. Besides, planning effective education, continued monitoring and assessing, creating suitable contexts of financial and human resources,consolidating the strengths and using the available potentials can be effective factors in line with the implemetation of accreditation standards.

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Background: Medical tourism represents the travel of individuals to receive health care and treatment to another country. One of the important factors in the marketing of medical tourism is promotion. The purpose of this study is to investigate the importance of promoting factor in the proposed marketing pattern of medical tourism services.
Methods: This study is a Descriptive-Correlational research method and an applied research in terms of purpose conducted in2017. The statistical population of the study consisted of all staff of medical centers and active units in the medical tourism area of the medical Science Universities in Iran and 630 of them were selected as a statistical sample by using simple sampling method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire with 63 questions related to tourism marketing components with scoring based on Likert scale. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated by experts' judgment and reliability was measured by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.82) and Test re Test (0.92) in SPSS₂₂.
Results: According to the standard estimates of path coefficients, the promotion factor with score of 0.98 consisted of 8 components ranked first among others was determined. 
Conclusion: Considering the importance of the promotion component, Policy makers in the field of medical tourism services should pay special attention to promotion and related issues in order to properly identify the Capacities and capabilities of active centers globally.
 

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Background: Faculty members are the key components of any medical university. The number, specialty, scientific rank, and H-index play a significant role in the general primacy of any university. This study compared 51 Iranian medical universities regarding faculty members in terms of total number of faculty members per medical university, ISI articles of each top faculty member, citations, average citations per paper of each, H-index, their scientific rank, and their specialty.
Methods: In this analytic-descriptive study conducted in 2018 in Yazd, Iran, the data were gleaned from 51 Iranian medical universities affiliated to  the Iranian Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education using Electronic Scientific Measurement System and analyzed with SPSS₁₉ (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) using descriptive statistics of frequency, range, mean, SD, and also correlations. Independent medical schools, medical research centers, and Islamic Azad University medical schools were excluded.
Results: Data analysis showed the maximum and minimum number of faculty members at each medical university, total number of ISI articles, total citations, citations per paper, H-index, scientific rank, and specialty of each top faculty member. There were statistically weak, moderate, and strong correlations between the five variables under study.
Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that there were 18972 medical faculty members teaching and researching in Iranian medical universities. Yet, there was an imbalance in the variables under study in different medical universities located in different parts of Iran. A more balanced distribution of faculty members and resources is required to improve medical education in all parts of Iran. The findings of the study may be added to the WHO database to be used by foreign students and scholars who want to study medicine or carry out research in Iranian medical universities.
 

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Background: To improve the individuals' health, reforms should be made in the health systems. As a result, assessing the impacts of reforms is a way to evaluate the effectiveness of the health system. The aim of this study was to study the relationship between the kind of delivery and the five indexes of mother and baby's health before and after implementing the health reform plan in selected hospitals of East Azerbaijan, Iran.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2018. The study was conducted among eight educational, medical, and private hospitals. Before and after the program, 800 files were selected using simple random sampling method. The researcher made a check list with confirmed validity to extract the data. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and T-tests by SPSS-22.
Results: The average age of mothers in the two intervals was 27 years. Most participants did not deliver before and their education was diploma or lower. The rate of natural delivery from 34.5% (before the plan) reached 44.2% (after the plan)(p<0.05). The rate of mothers and babies' mortality reduced from 0.3 and 0.8 to 0 and 0.5, respectively. Mothers and babies' mortality and stillbirth had no significant difference based on the kind of delivery (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Findings indicated significant increase of natural delivery after the reform plan in health system. Moreover, the rate of mothers and babies' mortality decreased. These results can guide the policymakers for deciding about the course of plan and its review.
 
 
 

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Background: Patient preparation process for surgery is one of the strategic control points in hospitals, which can improve the patient satisfaction and increase the quality of provided services. This study aimed to determine the impact of pre-surgery consultation unit startup on waiting time before surgery and cancellation of surgery.
Methods: This cross-sectional and analytical study was conducted in an Eye Hospital in Tehran. The study population included patients hospitalized for cataract surgery at Farabi Hospital in Tehran City, Iran. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire containing information about the participants' gender, age, waiting time, cancellation of surgery, and length of stay. Data were analyzed by SPSS₁₈ using Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square tests.
Results: Pre-surgery consultation unit startup was able to significantly reduce the patient waiting time before surgery (P-value < 0.001). No significant change was observed in cancellation rate and length of stay after the pre-surgery consultation unit startup (P-value > 0.05).
Conclusion: Considering the reduction of patients' waiting time as one of the key indicators in eye surgery, preoperative consultation process and other effective processes should be improved to maximize benefits of establishing a preoperative consultation unit at Farabi Hospital.
 

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Background: The provision of manpower is one of the effective factors on the improvement in the coverage of health services and the realization of the highest community health level and a considerable part of the health budget is devoted to the production and update on human resources. Therefore, the current study aimed to estimate the number of nurses required in the Emergency Department (ED) of Imam Ali hospital based on the proposed method of the World Health Organization, in which the manpower is calculated based on the workload Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN).
Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The study population was all the nurses working in the emergency department of Imam Ali hospital affiliated by Alborz University of Medical Sciences and their duties in the hospital which was performed using the proposed method of the World Health Organization i.e. WISN in 2018. Determination of their duties and the time and number of times for performing them were carried out during the group discussion session.
Results: Based on the research findings, 40 standard nurses were calculated. The studied hospital had 4 nursing staff shortages. The working pressure ratio is 0.91in this study.
Conclusion: In the current study, the nursing staff shortage is observed and this shortage caused a high working pressure on the nurses working in the study area. Considering the vital role of nurses in the emergency department, it is recommended to employ and distribute the manpower based on the requirement and workload in the department.

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In recent years, health technology policy-making science has gone beyond just a health technology assessment or systematic review or economic evaluation study and the science of operational research in decision making, i.e. multi-attributes and multi-objective decision-making has been included. Hence, currently, health technology policy-making follows a seven-step process. After a technology undergoes these steps and is proven that it is useful for the health system, it must be determined how many of it is needed in the health system. Determining the required number of health technologies is a challenge that remains to be considered. Therefore, this study
was designed to overcome this problem. The authors intend to introduce a multi-objective decision-making methodology considering the limited budget, to determine the number of technologies required to complete for the health technology policymaking cycle.

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Background: The neonatal period or the first 28 days after birth is a critical and vulnerable time for a child period, and the mortality rate is high
due to the severe problems which might happen during this period. The goal of this study was to compare the risk factors associated with the neonatal mortality rate (NMR) before and after the implementation of the health sector evolution plan (HSEP) in Fars Province, Iran.
Methods: This study was a retrospective cross-sectional study. This research was conducted using the census method, and 275951 newborns’ files were studied. Variables are expressed as percentage and frequency. The chi-square test and Fisher tests was used to measure the significance level of variables. A multivariate logistic regression model was also used to estimate the odds ratio of neonatal mortality and risk factors associated with neonatal mortality. All statistical tests were performed bilaterally with P-value < 0.05 considered as significant. All tests were conducted using the software SPSS₁₉.
Results: After HSEP, risk factors of pregnancy and delivery complications were significantly reduced, and abnormalities were significantly increased (P-value < 0.001). Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, the risk of death is nine times more in gestational age below 37 weeks compared to gestational age over 37 weeks. The chances of neonatal mortality among neonates weighing less than 1000 grams are much more, and it is about 140 times more than normal weight (over 2500 grams). There was not a significant relationship between the chance of neonatal mortality and the implementation of HSEP (P-value > 0.05).
Conclusion: Neonates with abnormal weight and premature neonates had the highest chance of death. Therefore, the prevention of preterm labor and low-birth-weight infants are essential factors in reducing neonatal mortality. This study suggests that improved health service quality is determinative to decrease neonatal mortality rate.

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Background: Hospitals are considered the most important consumer units in the health system. Based on the effect of the hospital network in optimal and efficient hospital management, this study aimed to identify and explain the role of factors influencing hospital network management in the Iranian Social Security Organization (ISSO).
Methods: This study was conducted by a mixed method in 2018. First, variables and factors affecting the management of hospital networks were extracted from the literature review and through interviews with 15 experts, and a questionnaire with 40 questions was developed. Then, it was distributed among 448 experts in the healthcare section of the ISSO all over the country, and 405 questionnaires were completed and collected. Data were analyzed via exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations using SPSS₂₃ software and AMOS₂₄ software. The validity of the questionnaire was determined via expert judgment (CVRs = 0.40) and reliability was estimated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α = 0.87).
Results: Based on the confirmatory factor analysis, financing, monitoring and evaluation, accountability, strategic planning, and decision rights were identified as key factors affecting hospital network management. Financing with standard coefficients of 0.83 had the highest and decision rights with standard coefficients of 0.44 had the lowest effect on hospital network management of the ISSO.
Conclusion: To efficient hospital network management of the ISSO, while emphasizing all identified factors, special attention should be paid to financing and modifying the method of budgeting and using suitable monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.

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Background: Due to the increasing growth of informal and marginal settlements in Iran, the present study was conducted to analyze the contents of upstream national documents regarding city slum in Iran.
Methods: This qualitative study with content analysis approach was done in 2020. MAXQDA version 12 software and conventional content analysis method was used to analyze the data.
Results: The findings of this study could be classified in two main categories and 11 subcategories. The main categories included the policies related to preventing the creation of slum areas, and policies related to providing service and rehabilitation of slum areas. The 11 subcategories  included preventing migration from inner cities to slum areas, poverty alleviation, preserving the rural fabric through the village guide plan, balanced distribution of population with landscaping and land development approach, creating green belts around cities, forced confrontation with illegal constructions in slum areas, impulsive phenomenon of social harms, allocation of state financial facilities to organize informal settlements, renovation of informal settlements, creating satellite towns, and providing primary health care services in the form of  health care network system.
Conclusion: Although providing service and rehabilitation of slum areas can play an important role in reducing harm in these areas, policymakers in Iran should be aware of a moral dilemma; since these policies can also encourage the phenomenon of city slum.

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Background: With the number of insurance customers growing, insurance companies are trying new ways to retain customers and streamline communication channels to avoid loss of revenue. The present study set out to develop a model for a reliable analysis of customer lifetime value.
Methods: The present study was exploratory mixed method in design. The study took place in Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, located in Ahvaz, Iran. A total of 402 insurance experts and university staffers participated in the study. A cross-sectional data collection was done using semi-structured interviews (n = 22) and a questionnaire (n = 380). The latter was validated via a panel of content area experts, criterion-dependent validity (second-order confirmatory factor analysis), and divergent validity (cross-sectional load test and Fornell-Laker). Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability were - 0.8 and 0.8, respectively. A structural equation approach was employed to analyze data using Smart PLS software.
Results: Customer loyalty with an impact factor of 0.60 and T-statistic of 5.79, profitability with an impact factor of 0.55 and T-statistic of 3.75, customer co-creation with an impact factor of 0.28, and T-statistic of 2.7 have been identified as dimensions of customer lifetime value.
Conclusion: Measuring customer lifetime value to implement various strategies requires a deep understanding of such value dimensions as loyalty, profitability, and value creation.

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Background: The only sustainable competitive advantage of organizations is their employees. Capable and efficient manpower are the most important assets of organizations and communities. This will lead to sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of empowerment through four factors of ability (knowledge and skills, trust, motivation and communication) among the staff of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences.

 Methods: This was a descriptive study conducted in 2017.The statistical population consisted of 485 staff members of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. 215 people were selected by random sampling method. Then, the authors selected samples from each job category through stratified sampling method. To collect information, the authors used a standard empowerment questionnaire based on Melhem's model in addition to the demographic section. After distributing the questionnaire; t-student test and Spearman correlation were used to determine the status of research variables and also the type and extent of the relationship between them.

Results: According to the results of t-student test, the average of all variables was more than 3 indicating the appropriate status of employees' capabilities. Moreover, the results of Spearman correlation test showed that the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables in this test was significant. All research hypotheses (main hypothesis and four sub-hypotheses) were confirmed. The results of the correlation coefficient of the relationship between knowledge and skill variables with empowerment showed a moderate intensity, while the correlation coefficient of the relationship between the variables of motivation, trust and communication with empowerment showed a low intensity.

Conclusion: Due to the appropriate status of employees' empowerment, long-term empowerment programs are proposed to enhance employees' empowerment further. 

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Background: Breast cancer screening programs are one of the most important methods for the early detection of breast cancer in women. Several studies have been conducted to identify factors affecting breast cancer screening behaviors among Iranian women. This study is conducted to systematically review the factors influencing women’s participation in breast cancer screening programs in Iran.
Methods: Papers were collected by using the keywords breast, mammary, screening, early detection, diagnosis*, examination, testing, and Iran from various English-language databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and databases in Persian language including SID and Magiran. The search was limited to the title and abstract of papers published between January 1, 2000, and May 1, 2021. A narrative synthesis was performed to summarize findings of the obtained papers.
Results: In this study, 1345 papers were initially found and, after screening the title, abstract, and full-text, 39 papers were selected. Most of them were cross-sectional (n= 28). Results indicated that socioeconomic factors, individual characteristics, recommendation of health workers, knowledge, Islamic beliefs, support by family, and activities of the Iranian government are frequently mentioned as contributing factors and can be applied to increase participation of Iranian women in breast cancer screening.
Conclusion:  The results demonstrate that lack of knowledge and a positive attitude towards breast cancer screening is a major problem regarding Iranian women's non-participation in the screening programs. Therefore, the need for regular implementation of the national screening program in the country, providing appropriate educational methods to increase women's awareness, removing barriers and improving women's access to health care providers should be the priorities of the Iranian health system to prevent breast cancer.
 

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Background: One of the most frequent medical mistakes that lower patient safety and mortality is medication errors in HIV/AIDS patients. A structured reporting system is necessary for the efficient avoidance of these kinds of mistakes. In order to discover parameters influencing the management of medication mistake reporting in HIV-infected patients, the current research was carried out.
Methods: The current research is an example of an applied study that was carried out between 2010 and 2019 utilizing a hybrid (quantitative-qualitative) methodology. First, the primary factors impacting the management of medication mistake reporting in HIV positive patients were collected from a study of the research literature and 35 interviews with experts in the area of treating HIV patients, and a research questionnaire was created utilizing them. Using the Lawshe approach, the questionnaire was sent to and collected from 31 experts in order to assess its content validity. SPSS₂₃ was then used to determine the questionnaire's reliability, which resulted in a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.920. 400 workers who treated HIV/AIDS patients provided information for the data collection. Exploratory factor analysis was used to analyze the data, together with SPSS₂₃ and Lisrel software.
Results: Four factors were found to be important in managing medication mistake reporting in HIV patients, including organizational factors (18 variables), person factors (9 variables), educational factors (10 variables), and communication factors (6 variables). The management of medication mistake reporting in HIV patients was impacted most and least by personal and educational variables, with factor loadings of 0.784 and 0.754, respectively.
Conclusion: It is preferable to concentrate on individual variables (employee-related hurdles, fear of the repercussions of reporting, and others' reactions) rather than addressing all four aspects at once in order to manage medication mistake reporting in HIV positive patients (managers, colleagues, patients).  Managers, policymakers, specialists from behavioral disease counseling centers, and attending physicians should pay greater attention to both the individual (application and development of the integrated HIV management system).
 

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Background: The widespread outbreak of the COVID-19 virus has resulted in an increase in hospitalizations and mortality in healthcare centers, directly affecting healthcare personnel, especially nurses. Resilience stands for one of the key non-cognitive skills that can ensure nurses’ optimal performance during crises. Hence, the present research was aimed at identifying the status of factors affecting resilience among nurses involved in the COVID-19 crisis at Shohada Hospital in Dehloran (Iran).
Methods: This mixed-method study (qualitative-quantitative) was conducted in 2021 (Solar year 1400). Respectively in qualitative and quantitative parts, the research sample consisted of 18 academic members and executive managers in the healthcare sector and 118 nurses at Shahid Dehloran Hospital in Ilam province (Iran). Data collection was performed using semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Qualitative data analysis was conducted using MAXQDA₂₀₂₀ software, and quantitative data analysis was performed using confirmatory factor analysis, AMOS 26, and SPSS 26.
Results: The factors influencing the resilience of nurses were categorized into three main themes: personal factors (motivation, stress, personal life, Becoming obsessed, balance in personal life, resilience in personal life challenges), organizational factors (mental and psychological health, organizational leaders’ responsiveness), and environmental factors (lack of cooperation, lack of facilities and equipment). According to the results, among personal factors, motivation (R=0.88), among organizational factors, mental and psychological health (R=0.83), and among environmental factors, the lack of facilities has the most significant effect on nurses’ resilience (R=0.75).
Conclusion: The findings highlight the considerable and significant impact of personal, organizational, and environmental factors on enhancing nurses’ resilience. Based on the research results, the proposed conceptual model can serve as a suitable mechanism for hospital managers to enhance the healthcare staff’s resilience.
 

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Background: The method of choosing the leadership style of an organization is very important in the success of the organization in gaining a competitive advantage in society, and on the other hand, the method of managing and creating change and innovation is also considered necessary for the success of the organization as these factors dynamically affect each other. Some create obstacles on the way and some strengthen each other.
Methods: The statistical population considered for this research in the qualitative part included participants, some of whom were academic professors, and some were managers of high managerial and organizational levels who were proficient in management topics in medical sciences hospitals. In terms of method, this research had a mixed approach. In other words, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used. In data collection, in general, documentary studies and field method using MAXQDA software were used.
Results: The results of the evaluation showed that the observed correlation between the examined components and the transformative leadership variable was completely significant. Therefore, it was concluded that the model examined in this research had a sufficient level of significance to be used as a guide to increase the transformation of the organization by relying on the role of interactive leadership in the hospitals of Zanjan province.
Conclusion: One of the important and influential factors of an organization's success is how to apply management and effective leadership styles of managers of that organization. There are managers who can choose different styles in directing human resources. Their appropriate behavior patterns in any organization cause strong morale and motivation among employees, -and subsequently, increase the motivation of employees, their level of satisfaction and the level of productivity.
 

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Background: Accreditation of hospitals plays a significant role in increasing the safety, quality and effectiveness of medical services and increasing the efficiency of hospitals. This study has been conducted with the aim of investigating and comparing the international accreditation standards of the United States, Canada, Australia and France with the national accreditation system of Iran.
Methods: This study examined the accreditation standards of five countries, United States, Canada, Australia, France and Iran, as a comparative study using a six-steps protocol in 2024. Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI/Web of Science (WOS), Scopus and Iranian databases such as MagIran, SID and Irandoc were searched from 2017 to 2023. Ritchie's framework analysis method was used for data analysis.
Results: The review and comparison of Iran's national accreditation standards with the international accreditation standards of USA, Canada, Australia and France showed that USA, having 304 standards and 1218 measures and covering clinical, managerial and organizational dimensions and education and research, has the most complete and comprehensive standards. In the accreditation standards of the United States, Canada, France and Australia, there is a joint emphasis on improving safety, clinical effectiveness, consumer information, staff development, accountability and patient and community participation. This is while in Iran, the emphasis is on creating facilities and basic information and checking the competence in human and technical resources. The percentage of compliance of Iran's accreditation standards with American, Canadian, Australian and French accreditation standards is 50%, 54%, 57% and 45%, respectively.
Conclusion: Amendments should be made in Iran's accreditation system in order to improve the content of the standards. In order to improve its effectiveness, Iran's accreditation needs the transparency of standards and measures, specific classification and grouping for standards, the use of a comprehensive view in developing standards, and changing the scoring scale of measures.